Herculine Barbin Essay examples - 1091 Words

Michelle Kim September 28, 2012 HIST 312 Response Paper on Foucault Upon reading Herculine Barbin, it helped me understand the difficulties in which Herculine had, living as a hermaphrodite living in his century, as it is still very difficult to lead such a life now. However, many parts of the reading were ambiguous because she never exactly mentions the condition of her body or what kind of sickness she is exactly suffering from. Although she always mentions the fact that she is suffering and in a great deal of pain, she only goes as far to describe the way she looks from the outside and how the others perceive her sickness. In the beginning of the novel, I can’t help but be confused about Herculine’s sexual identity. She†¦show more content†¦Herculine always feels guilty about what she is doing, whether it may be falling in love with Sara or feeling sick. She has to be self-conscious about what she does because it can ruin her reputation. She had to hide her identity in order to get what she wanted. As a child, Herculine had a small problem growing up with all girls, because she felt a different intimacy with a girl names Lea, and that is where it all had started. Herculine was unable to control her desires later on, especially with Madame P’s daughter, Sara. Their relationship was so intimate that it was becoming painful for Herculine. Herculine was unsure if the identity she was carrying was right or if she needed a change. But she knew that no one was to know about the change because it would condemn her from society and shun anyone around her. She could not just be cons iderate of herself but needed to think about everyone else around her, especially those who were offering and giving help to her. She possesses shame toward her body and its undergoing changes. When her body starts to grow hair, she tries to hide it and when she realizes she is becoming more masculine, she feels uncomfortable with the transformation. Her refusal to show off her body to the doctor shows us that she does regret and dislike the changes that are going on in her body. It shows off her feminine side. Although Herculine was

Drug Development Preclinical Development and Testing

When a drug is developed its safety and efficacy has to be established to qualify for a licence to market it in Ireland – Irish Medicines Board or in the USA from the Food Drug Administration. The drug undergoes a series of tests to prove its medicinal ability is sufficient for the medicines market. Preclinical Development Preclinical testing performed by graduate researchers (Ph.D level), evaluate the medicines safety and efficacy before the medicine can be tested on humans. The medicine is rigorously tested for a 3-6 year period to assess its safety, biological activity, therapeutic ratio, and side effects in laboratory (in vitro) and on animals (in vivo). In vitro testing the drug is tested on cell cultures and isolated tissues. The concentration effect as are established. Pharmacological and toxicological effects are monitored. In vivo testing on two species of animal one rodent and non-rodent. Toxicological effects; mutagenicity, genotoxicity, teratogenic and carcinogenic are investigated. The lethal dose LD50 toxicity is defined. The dose-response relationship of the adverse effect is observed. Pharmacokinetics how the drug moves through living organisms, adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion are examined. The rate and amount of drug delivered to the blood and the dosage regimen to maintain therapeutically effective blood concentrations with little toxicity. What the body does to the drug when administered. Pharmacodynamics is the study ofShow MoreRelatedIn This Paper, I Am Going To Discuss About The Premarket1428 Words   |  6 Pagespharmaceuticals from its drug development to ultimate approval conducted in Canada and United States. The main intention of Canada (Health Canada) and United States(USFDA) is safety and well-being of public. The Overall Process/steps of drug development to its approval in Canada and United states is almost same it differs in there authorities also the main difference is, In Canada during the drug development process prior to the beginning of a clinical trial, if the preclinical tests conducted indicateRead MorePre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology 1000 Words   |  4 PagesPre-clinical testing is performed to Good laboratory practice (GLP) and covers pivotal toxicology safety pharmacology studies. In preclinical research, scientists test their ideas for new biomedical prevention strategies in laboratory experiments or in animals. â€Å"Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) can be seen as two sides of the same coin. PK and PD have a definite relationship, assessing how much drug gets to the site of action and then what that action is. Both activities are essentialRead MoreAbgenix Case Study1181 Words   |  5 Pagesto payments as the drug development program reached certain milestones and a royalty on sales should the drug be commercialized. 2- The second way Abgenix hoped to generate revenues was by pursuing the early stages of XenoMouse-based drug development, meeting with some success and then selling off the rights to develop and market the drug. C. Abgenix XenoMouse Generated Drugs in various stages of the FDA Process: First of all we have to mention the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Read MoreThe Importance Of Genetic Advancements In Oncology1266 Words   |  6 Pageshoped that this would lead to more effective drugs, historically, our ability to translate cancer research to clinical success has been remarkably low1. Sadly, clinical trials in oncology have the highest failure rate compared with other therapeutic areas. Given the high unmet need in oncology, it is understandable that barriers to clinical development may be lower than for other disease areas, and a larger number of drugs with suboptimal preclinical validation will enter oncology trials. HoweverRead MoreInvestigative New Drug Testing : Testing And Development Of New Drugs836 Words   |  4 PagesTesting and development of new drugs can be a long, strenuous and costly project for a manufacturing company. In 2003 drug companies spent $2.4 million on bringing new drugs to the market. By 2005 that figured ballooned to $802 million. If you think that is crazy, now experimental drugs cost pharmaceutical companies $312 million just for the post approval process of the drug and a whopping $2.9 billion to place the new drug on the market. The whole process can take 8-12 years until completion.Read MoreDrug And Drug Testing In The Roles Of The New Drugs831 Words   |  4 Pagesorder to get the approval process by the Unites States Food and Drug Administration before any drugs can be prescribed to any of it patients. By the end of the year 2016, according to the 3.2 billion drugs were ordered from many physician practice for there patients (CDC, 2016). Many of these good and some are harmful drugs have bombarded numerous of pill bottles. Currently, the drugs supposed to go through a process of development, and next approval before being introduce/marketing to patientsRead MoreUnited States Food And Drug Administration1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more specif ically, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). 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Forming a joint venture with the biotech firm Biopart, equally sharingRead MoreA Review On The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7 Deaza 21293 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween 8 and 14 weeks. The mice were inoculated with intraperitoneally with different inoculums of ZIKA Virus (Zmurko et al., 2016). This model was intended to observe the daily bod change of each mouse in terms of body weight in relation to the development of the virus. This means that a mouse that presented severe illness or the body weight, loss of over 20% would be euthanized. After that a sample of its blood would be collected for further study. SWOT analysis of this model Strengths: This modelRead MoreHiv / Aids : A New Form Of Viral Disease1287 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween 8 and 14 weeks. The mice were inoculated with intraperitoneally with different inoculums of ZIKA Virus (Zmurko et al., 2016). This model was intended to observe the daily bod change of each mouse in terms of body weight in relation to the development of the virus. This means that a mouse that presented severe illness or the body weight loss of over 20% would be euthanized. After that a sample of its blood would be collected for further study. SWOT analysis of this model Strengths: This model

Analysis of Legal and Professional Issues

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Legal and Professional Issues. Answer: Introduction As is the case with any other healthcare professional, the nurses engaged in this profession have to practice as per the statues given by the state and the federal statutes, which are full of complexities. But, the adherence to such statutes is crucial in order to make the ethical decision and to fulfill their responsibilities. And due to the growing advancements in the medical practices and technologies on daily basis, the healthcare professionals are often required to face the challenges of making the ethical decisions, which has not been provided by the given statutes for such new procedures or practices (Nursing Career Tips, 2017). Due to this, the nurses are required to take all the precautions in making any decision, so as to reduce their chances of legal liability. In addition to this, the ethical implications of such decision is also to be considered and it has to be ensured that their acts do not result in a harm to the patients and are in the best interests of such patients. Even though from a distance, it might seem that such decisions are pretty straightforward, but in most of the cases, it is exactly the opposite and at times, the legal decision may not be an ethical one, and vice versa (Nursing Career Tips, 2017). In Singapore, the statutes like the Mental Capacity Act, 2000, along with the common law principles of obligation, beneficence, autonomy and equity provide the guidance for the nurses in their decision making process, regarding the patients (Loke Thirumoorthy, 2015). Relevant Facts In the given case, B is a 56 year old patient, who is on heavy dosage due to his terminal illness. The extra dose which is given to him, to relive him from pain, is disliked by B. For this reason, he wants his doctor to stop the dose, as he believes it to be pointless. Legal and Ethical Issues The key issue in this case faced by the nurses is to decide if such treatment should be continued and be provided to the patient, against his will, or should it be stopped. To resolve this issue, the concepts of obligation, beneficence, and autonomy, given by the nursing boards in Singapore and Australia have to be used. Rules Obligation The principle of obligation states that it is the duty of the nurses to make certain that the patient is given the best quality treatment. And to take the best interest action, the nurses have to make sure that the patient receives whatever treatment is essential for such patient (Humphreys, 2011). So, if the doctor believes that the extra dose of medication is necessary for the patient, to relive him of the pain and the removal of such dose would result in distress to B, then as per the principle of obligation, the medicine should be continued. Beneficence The principle of beneficence puts a duty over the healthcare practitioners to form good relations with their patients (Elliot, Ho Lim, 2010). The rationale behind this principle is to enable the patient in developing a sense of trust towards such healthcare practitioner, so that the patient can bestow the necessary faith over the practitioner (Ho, 2016). But, if we apply the beneficence principle in case of B, than the principle of obligation, to act towards the patients best interest would be compromised. Autonomy The principle of autonomy addressed the concept of independence. As per the concept of independence, the patient has to be given the independence of making his decisions (Kaan Liu, 2006). So, applying the autonomy principle in case of B, he has to be given the independence to make the decisions he wishes. The ethical code of practices for the nurses dictates that the patient has to be presented with the requisite details, which could help the patient in determining their condition and making the decision to address the issue. Though, if this principle is applied in case of B, he would be left prone to distress due to extreme pain. Relevance of Issue The conflict issues which the nurses have to come across, while discharging their duties, is amongst the major issues arising in the professional healthcare and medical practices. The nurses often reach at an impasse where the decision regarding which approach is the correct one, to address the particular issue, becomes a dilemmatic decision. For the case of B, the decision of doctor, regarding the continuation of the dosage, cannot be critiqued as correct or incorrect, due to the reasons provided for the same. Though, the reasoning behind this decision can be and has to be analyzed. B has all the requisite knowledge about his terminal illness, and is also aware of the fact that the dosage provides him only a temporary relief. Reasonable Approach Had the illness of B not been terminal, the rationale behind the decision of the doctor, would have been taken to be quite strong. But, the condition of B has to be given importance, along with his wishes. Even though the nurses can support him in understanding the implications of his decisions, but the final decision has to be made as per the wishes of B. Legal and Ethical Issues Due to the grave mistake of RN Z, in administering the correct syringe, the patient C got a cardiac arrest. In this situation, the key issue relates to the concept of negligence. Negligence occurs when a person owes a duty of care towards another person and fails to discharge the duty of care, which results in a harm or loss to the other person Trindade, Cane Lunney, 2007). To establish negligence, the elements of negligence have to be established (Kennedy, 2009). These include the duty of care, the breach of this duty of care, the resulting harm or loss to the other party, the loss being significant and the direct causation (Gibson Fraser, 2014). In this case, RN Z owed a duty of care towards C, and this duty was breached when the syringes were exchanged, the cardiac arrest was the loss of significant nature, and as the nurse was responsible to ensure the correctness of the syringes, the causation is established. So, by interchanging the necessary medicine negligently, which resul ted in grave consequences for C, the tort of negligence occurred (Latimer, 2012). A noteworthy point here is that RN Z was unaccompanied to the cubicle by ED, which could have ensured the appropriate administration. The nursing malpractice, as well as, nursing negligence takes place when an injury, harm or loss is sustained by the patients as a result of the failure of the nurses in compliance of their duty (Grant Ballard, 2013). In other words, the negligence in nursing takes place when the duty of care, which was owed by them, towards their patients, is breached and such a breach results in harm to their patients (Amused, 2016). In both Singapore and Australia, the nursing negligence is considered as being more than a mere error or a mistake. The Nursing Board of Singapore has presented a Code of Conduct, to be followed by the nurses to ensure that the patients are provided with quality care (Singapore Nursing Board, 2017). The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia also provides the Professional Conduct Standards to be followed by the nurses (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Relevance of Issue It is crucial for the nurses to fulfill their duty of care towards the patients (Young, 2009). Even the smallest of errors or mistakes could result in grave situations as has been seen in the case of C. The nurses have to be accountable for their actions and have to ensure that the care which they provide to the patients is of the best quality (Hughes, 2008). It is the obligation of the nurses to make sure that they seek the necessary advice from the supervisor or the charge nurse, before providing the care to the patient. So, it was the duty of RN Z to follow the action plan and the guide which was provided to her by her superiors, without making any mistakes. Often the nurses go forward with the discharge of their duties, and fail to wait for the necessary supervision, which increases the risk of cases under negligence. So, it has to be ensured by the nurses that until and unless they receive the requisite guidance from their supervisors, they should refrain from taking any actions (Urden, Stacy Lough, 2014). Moreover, the guidelines given by NBV, regarding the delegation and supervision, the nurses are required to delay the treatment until their supervisor can guide them. Moreover, for the actions and decisions made during the course of work by nurses and the midwives, they have to be held accountable for the same as per these guidelines. And such actions are inclusive of the nurses personal efficiency for providing the care. The accountability given under the code is both legal and ethical (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). Reasonable Approach In the given case, RN Z should have delayed the treatment till the time the requisite supervision was available in the ED. In case when such a delay was not possible, RN Z should have taken extra care in ensuring that no mistake took place due to the seriousness of the situation. Since, the negligent actions of RN Z proved fatal for C, who was the sole earner in the family, she would have to compensate the family of C, for their loss. Professional Issue The major issue relates to the reporting of professional malpractices in the system (Dove et al. 2010). In the given case, there is ample amount of evidence against M, which shows that she indulged in professional malpractices which have major negated impact over the quality of care she provided. But, if the evidence present against M is presented, she would lose her job, which would result in failure of her looking after her children. As per the Australian Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses Conduct Statement 2, the nurses have to base their practice on the professional standards, in addition to the broad health system (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). This code determines that the nurses have the duty of protecting the interest of their colleagues, their partners and their family members as per the broad standards of Safety, Quality and Accountability in Healthcare (Gastmans, 2013). Information management, documentation, open disclosure procedures, and incident reporting are some of things involved in such practices (Huber, 2013). The most significant responsibility of a nurse is to provide safe and competent nursing care (Boyd, 2008). A situation which can result in negated impact over the professional standards or a situation where a questionable, unlawful or unethical practice is required to be reported to the authority or the concerned person. In case the issue remains unresolved, it becomes the duty of the nurses to intervene and protect the rights of patients by ensuring that quality care is provided. And the external authorities can be notified in case the internal process fails in solving the situation. Australian Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses Conduct Statement 4 provides similar provisions (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2008). Relevance of Issue In this case, M used to steal the controlled medicine which was crucial for the patients. Such practices have a negative impact over the quality of care and the health of the patients. Moreover, patients lose the trust and faith in the nursing practices. There is a clash between the personal duties, and the professional and ethical obligations, which presents an ethical dilemma. Reasonable Approach The professional ethics have to be given the priority over the personal obligations in such situations. So, irrespective of the impact which would be on the personal life of M, the matter has to be reported. This becomes importance due to her denial regarding the involvement in this matter. As she was given a warning regarding this issue, beyond which the problem persisted, it became sufficient and mandatory to report the issue. Additionally, the compliance too the professional standards is also needed, so M has to be reported. Ethical and Professional Issues The key issue of this scenario relates to the decision of the medical practitioners against the patients will (Tong Robert, 2007). In case a patient is unwilling in getting the medical treatment, it becomes the duty of the medical practitioner to make certain that the best efforts are made to make the patient aware about the impact of his decision, by explaining about the disease, the treatment and its necessity (Parahoo, 2014). For the individuals in Singapore, guidelines are provided through the Mental Capacity Act, 2008, for such persons who are in the position of making a decision for others, who suffer from medical incapacity, which could be either permanent or temporary. As per this act, the decision made for the other person has to be in the best interest of such other person and prior to making such a decision, the best efforts have to be made for making the individual understand the situation and for taking the decision themselves (Singapore Statutes Online, 2017). Relevance of Issue Medical practitioners often face a dilemma in making the decision regarding which one is reasonable, as they are bound by the principles of obligation, beneficence, and autonomy (Lillemoen Pedersen, 2013). As occurred in case of B, no decision could be said to be the best one, due to the variance in view point of the medical practitioners and the patient. The practitioner has to act in the best interest and at the same time has to ensure that additional costs and time are not incurred (Shirvington, 2017). And due to the increasing cases of legal actions being brought in this regarding, finding a balance between the two becomes more difficult. This is coupled by the burden of proof over the practitioners to prove the reasons for going against the will of the patients. Reasonable Approach Since D is refusing to take the needful treatment for his heart condition, the doctors have to take the necessary steps needed to ensure that D is aware of the significance of this treatment and the resulting impact of not undertaking such a treatment. The family member or carer can also assist in this, so the son of D needs to help the doctors in making D understand the significance of the treatment. As this treatment would relive D from his disease permanently, which was not the case for B the doctors should go ahead with the treatment, in the best interest of D. Conclusion The preceding parts highlighted the various issues which can arise in the medical professional before the healthcare professionals. Such issues can occur due to the personal relationship amongst the nurses or the relationship of the nurses with their patients. The key decision relates to taking the decision for the patient, by the medical practitioners in cases where the patient is unable to make the requisite decision. The medical practitioners have to maintain a balance between the quoted principles and there is also a need to adhere to the statutes and the codes given in this regard, to ensure that the image of the practitioners is not ruined. The nurses have to be held accountable for their actions, and in cases of negligence, they have to be held responsible. They also have to follow the instructions and wait for the instructions of their supervisors. In case these things are not done, as was seen in the scenarios highlighted above, it could prove fatal for both the patients and the nurses. References Amused. (2016). What is Negligence?. Retrieved from: https://www.ausmed.com/articles/what-is-negligence/ Boyd, M.A. (2008). Psychiatric Nursing: Contemporary Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Dove, J.T., Brush, J.E., Chazal, R.A., Oetgen, W.J. (2010). Medical Professional Liability and Health Care System Reform. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(25), 28012803. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.028. Elliot, J.M., Ho, W.C., Lim, S.S.N. (2010). Bioethics in Singapore: The Ethical Microcosm. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. Gastmans, C. (2013). Dignity-enhancing nursing care A foundational ethical framework. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 142-149. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne, Pearson Education Australia. Grant, P.D., Ballard, D.C. (2013). Fast Facts About Nursing and the Law: Law for Nurses in a Nutshell. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Ho, W.C. (2016). Juridification in Bioethics: Governance of Human Pluripotent Cell Research. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd. Huber, D. (2014). Leadership and nursing care management (5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. Hughes, R.G. (2008). Nurses at the Sharp End of Patient Care. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2672/ Humphreys, M. (2011). Nursing the Cardiac Patient. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Kaan, T., Liu, E.T. (2006). Life Sciences: Law and Ethics: Recent Developments in Singapore. Singapore: Academy Publishing. Kennedy, R. (2009). Duty of Care in the Human Services: Mishaps, Misdeeds ad the Law. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Lillemoen, L., Pedersen, R. (2013). Ethical challenges and how to develop ethics support in primary health care.Nursing ethics,20(1), 96-108. Loke, P., Thirumoorthy, T. (2015). Medicine, Law, Professional Regulation And Ethics. Singapore Medical Association News, 47(11), 18-19. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2008). Code of professional conduct for midwives in Australia. Retrieved from: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2F1355amp;dbid=APamp;chksum=Mm624fvql2ZEKdEmT3l2ng%3D%3D Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2017). Professional standards. Retrieved from: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Nursing Career Tips. (2017). Legal and Ethical Issues in Nursing Explained. Retrieved from: https://nursingcareertips.com/legal-and-ethical-issues-in-nursing-explained/ Parahoo, K. (2014).Nursing Research: Principles, Process And Issues (3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Shirvington, V. (2017). Avoiding A Breach Of The Professional Conduct And Practice Rules. Retrieved from: https://www.lawsociety.com.au/cs/groups/public/documents/internetcontent/026321.pdf Singapore Nursing Board. (2017). Code Of Ethics And Professional Conduct. Retrieved from: https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/dam/hprof/snb/docs/publications/Code%20of%20Ethics%20and%20Professional%20Conduct%20(15%20Mar%201999).pdf Singapore Statutes Online, 2017). Mental Capacity Act. Retrieved from: https://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;query=DocId%3A7f933c47-8a34-47d1-8d0a-0a457d6fa1c2%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0;whole=yes Tong, S.F., Robert, C. (2007). A Patient Who Refused Medical Advice: The Doctor And The Patient Should Look For A Common Ground. Malaysian Family Physician, 2(3), 110113. Trindade, F., Cane, P., Lunney, M. (2007).The law of torts in Australia (4th ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Urden, L.D., Stacy, K.M., Lough, M.E. (2014). Critical Care Nursing: Diagnosis and Management. Missouri: Elsevier. Young, A. (2009). Review: the legal duty of care for nurses and other health professionals. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(22). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.02855.x.

Informative Honey Badger Speech free essay sample

Do you think youre tough!? Well youre not. You have not even seen tough until you see a honey badger. This animal amazes me so much with its fierceness that I had to share it. You might be saying to yourself. â€Å"Why would I want to hear about a honey badger†? but trust me if one day you happen to run into a honey badger, You are going to want to be informed. Honey Badgers live in Africa, the Middle East, and India, So if you ever find yourself in one of these places beware. But before I tell you how fearless the Honey Badger is let me tell you what a honey badger looks like. They are about 2 feet long and about 2 feet tall, and they are part of the weasel family. They are black with a whitish gray stripe running down its back. Honey badgers are also equipped with extremely sharp teeth and a powerful jaw. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Honey Badger Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A honey badgers jaw is actually strong enough to break a turtles shell open. Honey Badgers also have very tough skin. The skin is very thick and rubbery, which almost impervious to arrow and spears. Even a blow from machete cant scratch the skin. The skin protects them from bites. The skin also looseness. It allows them to twist and turn on their attackers when held. It said that the only safe grip on Honey Badger is on its back of the neck however nobody is brave enough to actually prove that. So i guess the recommended thing to do is to run away as fast as you can. The Honey badger has huge variety of foods that it eats. They eat over 60 species of animals Badgers eat a host of smaller food items like insect larvae, beetles, scorpions, lizards, rodents and birds. They will catch the larger reptiles like crocodiles and pythons and include the highly venomous cobras and black mamba in their diet. Larger mammals like the Springhare, polecat and particularly juvenile foxes, jackals, antelope and wild cats, are also caught. Honey badgers are accomplished climbers and can easily climb up into the uppermost branches of trees to raid bird nests or beehives. Honey badgers and the greater honeyguide have a unique relationship. The little bird leads a honey badger to a beehive, and then waits for the honey badger to open up the hive and eat the honey and bees . Once the honey badger leaves the hive, the honey guide will then feed on the remaining beeswax. This is where the Honey Badger gets its name, it loves honey, and is willing to sit there and tear apart a bee hive as it gets stung by hundreds of bees. This many stings could kill a human in minutes, but not a honey badger he doesnt even feel it. Honey badgers generally hunt alone. They find food by walking slowly continuously smelling mouse and small reptile holes and scent trails. Honey Badgers have no more than two cubs at a time. They are raised by the female badger. Male Badgers mate and go on their way. The cubs are born naked and blind in a hole prepared by the female and she will typically move the cub to a new den every two to five days, by carrying the cub in her mouth. The cub develops slowly with its eyes only opening after two months, and will emerge from the den The Honey Badger was named the most fierce animal in the guinness book of world records. There are many stories of honey badgers being so fierce. For example there is a story that 3 honey badgers took on 7 full grown lions fighting for a meal. They won of course. They also say that if a snakes venom actually pierces the honey badgers skin, it can still fend of the snake long enough to kill it. After it kills the snake it will pass out for a couple hours and get back up like nothing happened. No other animal in the world can reject a snake bite besides a honey badger. Now you all know that the honey badger is undoubtedly the toughest animal on the planet. and if you take anything useful out of this speech it is. That if you ever encounter a honey badger. Run! RUN AS FAST AS YOU CAN!

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, is the lawful imposition of death as punishment for a crime. In 2004 four (China, Iran, Vietnam, and the US) accounted for 97 percent of all global executions. On average, every 9-10 days a government in the United States executes a prisoner. It is the Eighth Amendment, the constitutional clause that prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, that is at the center of the debate about capital punishment in America. Although most Americans support capital punishment under some circumstances, according to Gallup support for capital punishment has dropped dramatically from a high of 80 percent in 1994 to about 60 percent today. Facts and Figures Red state executions per million population are an order of magnitude greater than blue state executions (46.4 v 4.5). Blacks are executed at a rate significantly disproportionate to their share of the overall population. Based on 2000 data, Texas ranked 13th in the country in violent crime and 17th in murders per 100,000 citizens. However, Texas leads the nation in death penalty convictions and executions. Since the 1976 Supreme Court decision that reinstated the death penalty in the United States, the governments of the United States had executed 1,136, as of December 2008. The 1,000th execution, North Carolinas Kenneth Boyd, occurred in December 2005. There were 42 executions in 2007. Death Row More than 3,300 prisoners were serving death-row sentences in the US in December 2008. Nationwide, juries are delivering fewer death sentences: since the late 1990s, they have dropped 50 percent. The violent crime rate has also dropped dramatically since the mid-90s, reaching the lowest level ever recorded in 2005. Latest Developments In 2007, the Death Penalty Information Center released a report, â€Å"A Crisis of Confidence: Americans’ Doubts About the Death Penalty.† The Supreme Court has ruled that the death penalty should reflect the conscience of the community, and that its application should be measured against societys evolving standards of decency. This latest report suggests that 60 percent of Americans do not believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to murder. Moreover, almost 40 percent believe that their moral beliefs would disqualify them from serving on a capital case. And when asked whether they prefer the death penalty or life in prison without parole as punishment for murder, the respondents were split: 47 percent death penalty, 43 percent prison, 10 percent unsure. Interestingly, 75 percent believe that a higher degree of proof is required in a capital case than in a prison as punishment case. (poll margin of error /- ~3%) In addition, since 1973 more than 120 people have had their death row convictions overturned. DNA testing has resulted in 200 non-capital cases to be overturned since 1989. Mistakes like these shake public confidence in the capital punishment system. Perhaps it is not surprising, then, that almost 60 percent of those polled- including almost 60 percent of the southerners- in this study believe that the United States should impose a moratorium on the death penalty. An ad hoc moratorium is almost in place. After the 1,000th execution in December 2005, there were almost no executions in 2006 or the first five months of 2007. History Executions as a form of punishment date to at least the 18th century BC. In America, Captain George Kendall was executed in 1608 in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia; he was accused of being a spy for Spain. In 1612, Virginia death penalty violations included what modern citizens would consider minor violations: stealing grapes, killing chickens and trading with Indians. In the 1800s, abolitionists took up the cause of capital punishment, relying in part on Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment. From the 1920s-1940s, criminologists argued that the death penalty was a necessary and preventative social measure. The 1930s, also marked by the Depression, saw more executions than any other decade in our history. From the 1950s-1960s, public sentiment turned against capital punishment, and the number executed plummeted. In 1958, the Supreme Court ruled in Trop v. Dulles that the Eighth Amendment contained an evolving standard of decency that marked the progress of a maturing society. And according to Gallup, public support reached an all-time low of 42 percent in 1966. Two 1968 cases caused the nation to rethink its capital punishment law. In U.S. v. Jackson, the Supreme Court ruled that requiring that the death penalty be imposed only upon recommendation of a jury was unconstitutional because it encouraged defendants to plead guilty to avoid trial. In Witherspoon v. Illinois, the Court ruled on juror selection; having a reservation was insufficient cause for dismissal in a capital case. In June 1972, the Supreme Court (5-4) effectively voided death penalty statutes in 40 states and commuted the sentences of 629 death row inmates. In Furman v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment with sentencing discretion was cruel and unusual and thus violated the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In 1976, the Court ruled that capital punishment itself was constitutional while holding that new death penalty laws in Florida, Georgia and Texas- which included sentencing guidelines, bifurcated trials, and automatic appellate review- were constitutional. A ten-year moratorium on executions that had begun with the Jackson and Witherspoon ended on 17 January 1977 with the execution of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. Deterrence There are two common arguments in support of capital punishment: that of deterrence and that of retribution. According to Gallup, most Americans believe that the death penalty is a deterrent to homicide, which helps them justify their support for capital punishment. Other Gallup research suggests that most Americans would not support capital punishment if it did not deter murder. Does capital punishment deter violent crimes? In other words, will a potential murderer consider the possibility that they might be convicted and face the death penalty before committing murder? The answer appears to be no. Social scientists have mined empirical data searching for the definitive answer on deterrence since the early 20th century. And most deterrence research has found that the death penalty has virtually the same effect as long imprisonment on homicide rates. Studies suggesting otherwise (notably, writings of Isaac Ehrlich from the 1970s) have been, in general, criticized for methodological errors. Ehrlichs work was also criticized by the National Academy of Sciences - but it is still cited as a rationale for deterrence. A 1995 survey of police chiefs and country sheriffs found that most ranked the death penalty last in a list of six options that might deter violent crime. Their top two picks? Reducing drug abuse and fostering an economy that provides more jobs. Data on murder rates  seem to discredit the deterrence theory as well. The region of the county with the greatest number of executions- the South- is the region with the largest murder rates. For 2007, the average murder rate in states with the death penalty was 5.5; the average murder rate of the 14 states without the death penalty was 3.1. Thus deterrence, which is offered as a reason to support capital punishment (pro), doesnt wash. Retribution In Gregg v Georgia, the Supreme Court wrote that [t]he instinct for retribution is part of the nature of man... The theory of retribution rests, in part, on the Old Testament and its call for an eye for an eye. Proponents of retribution argue that the punishment must fit the crime. According to The New American: Punishment- sometimes called retribution- is the main reason for imposing the death penalty. Opponents of retribution theory believe in the sanctity of life and often argue that it is just as wrong for society to kill as it is for an individual to kill. Others argue that what drives American support for capital punishment is the impermanent emotion of outrage. Certainly, emotion not reason seems to be the key behind support for capital punishment. Costs Some supporters of the death penalty also contend it is less expensive than a life sentence. Nevertheless, at least 47 states do have life sentences without the possibility of parole. Of those, at least 18 have no possibility of parole. And according to the ACLU: The most comprehensive death penalty study in the country found that the death penalty costs North Carolina $2.16 million more per execution than a non-death penalty murder case with a sentence of life imprisonment (Duke University, May 1993). In its review of death penalty expenses, the State of Kansas concluded that capital cases are 70% more expensive than comparable non-death penalty cases. Conclusion More than 1000 religious leaders  have written an open letter to America and its leaders: We join with many Americans in questioning the need for the death penalty in our modern society and in challenging the effectiveness of this punishment, which has consistently been shown to be ineffective, unfair, and inaccurate...With the prosecution of even a single capital case costing millions of dollars, the cost of executing 1,000 people has easily risen to billions of dollars. In light of the serious economic challenges that our country faces today, the valuable resources that are expended to carry out death sentences would be better spent investing in programs that work to prevent crime, such as improving education, providing services to those with mental illness, and putting more law enforcement officers on our streets. We should make sure that money is spent to improve life, not destroy it...As people of faith, we take this opportunity to reaffirm our opposition to the death penalty and to express our belief in the sacredness of human life and in the human capacity for chan ge. In 2005, Congress considered the Streamlined Procedures Act (SPA), which would have amended the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). AEDPA placed restrictions on the power of federal courts to grant writs of habeas corpus to state prisoners. The SPA would have imposed additional limits on the ability of state inmates to challenge the constitutionality of their imprisonment through habeas corpus.

Formulas of Common Acids and Bases

Formulas of Common Acids and Bases Acids and bases are used in many chemical reactions. They are responsible for most color change reaction and are used to adjust the pH of chemical solutions. Here are the names of some of the common acids and bases and the formulas associated with them. Formulas of  Binary Acids A binary compound consists of two elements. Binary acids have the prefix hydro in front of the full name of the nonmetallic element. They have the ending s include hydrochloric, and hydrofluoric acid includes: Hydrofluoric Acid - HFHydrochloric Acid - HClHydrobromic Acid - HBrHydroiodic Acid - HIHydrosulfuric Acid - H2S Formulas of Ternary Acids Ternary acids commonly contain hydrogen, a nonmetal, and oxygen. The name of the most common form of the acid consists of the nonmetal root name with the -ic ending.  The acid containing one less oxygen atom than the most common form is designated by the -ous ending. An acid containing one less oxygen atom than the -ous acid has the prefix hypo- and the -ous ending. The acid containing one more oxygen than the most common acid has the per- prefix and the -ic ending. Nitric Acid  - HNO3Nitrous Acid - HNO2Hypochlorous Acid - HClOChlorous Acid - HClO2Chloric Acid - HClO3Perchloric Acid - HClO4Sulfuric Acid - H2SO4Sulfurous Acid  - H2SO3Phosphoric Acid - H3PO4Phosphorous Acid - H3PO3Carbonic Acid - H2CO3Acetic Acid - HC2H3O2Oxalic Acid - H2C2O4Boric Acid - H3BO3Silicic Acid - H2SiO3 Formulas of Common Bases Sodium Hydroxide  - NaOHPotassium Hydroxide - KOHAmmonium Hydroxide - NH4OHCalcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2Magnesium Hydroxide - Mg(OH)2Barium Hydroxide - Ba(OH)2Aluminum Hydroxide - Al(OH)3Ferrous Hydroxide or Iron (II) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)2Ferric Hydroxide or Iron (III) Hydroxide - Fe(OH)3Zinc Hydroxide - Zn(OH)2Lithium Hydroxide - LiOH

There is no set topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

There is no set topic - Essay Example The ‘naked self’ refers to Whitman’s metaphor his spontaneous blending or connection to the world he lives in. In particular, a representation of nature and America is perceived in the ‘self’ under his possession and by rhetorical naming, he enumerates acquaintances of humans and dispositions at the aim of making recognition to their worth by way of contributing to be part of his formation. Seemingly he puts this in a resonance that as he takes part of what others are, equivalently, his existence shares to them a part of himself. No matter how large and distinct the external world is and the other human beings outside of the individual self, Whitman persuades the readers to find the essence in collectiveness as bearing impact upon the singleness of a person. Just like a ‘self’ with a soul of its own, the collective co-existences surrounding form a network to the self so if seen as a whole, the collection is seen as one with a singular sou l that discerns every part of itself as every part is the self making up the breathing union. As he tries to raise a political stand on describing a ‘democratic self’, Whitman admits at having undergone a struggle of remaining part of a whole while invoking the freedom to acquire an identity which by nature stands different or unique compared with the rest.